SPAK intensifies investigations into January 21 protest killings

The Special Structure Against Corruption and Organized Crime (SPAK) has intensified its investigation into the January 21, 2011 killings, where four protesters were shot dead during a demonstration against then-Prime Minister Sali Berisha’s government. Among the victims was Hekuran Deda, whose brothers, Zabit and Agim Deda, testified before prosecutors this week as part of the renewed probe.

Why is this important: The killings, labeled a “state crime” by the European Court of Human Rights, remain one of Albania’s darkest political moments. While the deaths of two protesters, Ziver Veizi and Faik Myrtaj, have been partially addressed with minimal convictions, the murders of Aleks Nika and Hekuran Deda remain unresolved. The renewed investigation gives hope that justice will finally prevail, particularly given allegations of state involvement and orders to fire live ammunition on demonstrators.

Context: On January 21, 2011, a peaceful protest in Tirana turned deadly when state security forces opened fire on unarmed demonstrators. The protest was against allegations of corruption and abuse of power by Berisha’s government. Despite widespread condemnation and evidence of state culpability, justice has been elusive.

Prosecutors are now reviewing internal audio recordings allegedly capturing orders from the then-commander of the Guard of the Republic, instructing subordinates to switch from blank rounds to live ammunition. The audio evidence, provided by the victims’ families, is undergoing forensic analysis to verify its authenticity and match voices to individuals involved.

Current developments: SPAK has taken significant steps, including summoning members of the Guard’s firing unit and their former commander for questioning. The former commander is expected to address accusations that he authorized the use of lethal force, while the testimonies of other officers may clarify the chain of command behind the deadly orders.

In a brief statement after his testimony, Zabit Deda expressed hope for justice: “We shared what we know and hope this case will be resolved.” His brother, Agim Deda, is scheduled to testify on January 29.

Charges: The ongoing investigation includes charges of “Murder under qualifying circumstances,” “Abuse of office,” and “Acts obstructing the discovery of truth,” all allegedly committed in collaboration. SPAK is also examining the roles of top officials at the time, including Sali Berisha, former Interior Minister Lulzim Basha, and the former Guard commander.

The probe follows a directive from Albania’s Supreme Court and the Strasbourg-based European Court of Human Rights, which classified the killings as a state crime and urged a thorough investigation.

What’s next: SPAK’s renewed focus on the January 21 killings has reignited hope for justice among victims’ families and civil society. However, the case also underscores the broader challenges of addressing past abuses and ensuring accountability for state actions in Albania.

The upcoming testimonies and forensic analysis of the audio recordings could mark a turning point, potentially leading to prosecutions that have long been demanded by victims’ families and human rights advocates.